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The Social History of Art: Volume 4: Naturalism, Impressionism, The Film Age
“The most striking phenomenon connected with the progress of technology is the development of cultural centres into large cities in the modern sense; these form the soil in which the new art is rooted. Impressionism is an urban art, and not only because it discovers the landscape quality of the city and brings painting back from the country into the town, but because it sees the world through the eyes of the townsman and reacts to external impressions with the overstrained nerves of modern technical man. It is an urban style, because it describes the changeability, the nervous rhythm, the sudden, sharp but always ephemeral impressions of city life. And precisely as such, it implies an enormous expansion of sensual perception, a new sharpening of sensibility, a new irritability, and, with the Gothic and romanticism, it signifies one of the most important turning points in the history of Western art. In the dialectical process represented by the history of painting, the alternation of the static and the dynamic, of design and colour, abstract order and organic life, impressionism forms the climax of the development in which recognition is given to the dynamic and organic elements of experience and which completely dissolves the static world-view of the Middle Ages. A continuous line can be traced from the Gothic to impressionism comparable to the line leading from late medieval economy to high capitalism, and modern man, who regards his whole existence as a struggle and a competition, who translates all being into motion and change, for whom experience of the world increasingly becomes experience of time, is the product of this bilateral, but fundamentally uniform development.”
Impressionism
Dynamics
Modern Arts
Supper Club
“Hunter's stew is also known as hunter's pot or perpetual stew.
It is made in a large pot, and the ingredients are anything you can find. The idea is that it is never finished, never emptied all the way- instead it is topped up perpetually. It is a stew with an unending cycle. It is a stew that can last for years.
It dates back to medieval Poland, first made in cauldrons no one bothered to empty or wash. It began with the simmering of game meat- pigeon, hare, hen, pheasant, rabbit- just anything you could get your hands on. It would then be supplemented with foraged vegetables, seasoned with wild herbs. Sometimes spices or even wine would be added. Then, as time went by, additional food scraps and leftovers were thrown in- recently harvested produce, stale hunks of bread, newly slaughtered meat, or beans dried for the winter months. It would exist in perpetuity, always the same, always new.
Traditionally the stew has spicy, savory, and sour notes. An element of sourness is absolutely necessary to cut through the rich and intense flavor. It is said to improve with age.”
Reality Of Life
Sisterhood
Hunters
Club
Hard Life
Stew
Scraps
Combinations
Rebecca
“He belonged to a walled city of the fifteenth century, a city of narrow, cobbled streets, and thin spires, where the inhabitants wore pointed shoes and worsted hose. His face was arresting, sensitive, medieval in some strange inexplicable way, and I was reminded of a portrait seen in a gallery I had forgotten where, of a certain Gentleman Unknown. Could one but rob him of his English tweeds, and put him in black, with lace at his throat and wrists, he would stare down at us in our new world from a long distant past—a past where men walked cloaked at night, and stood in the shadow of old doorways, a past of narrow stairways and dim dungeons, a past of whispers in the dark, of shimmering rapier blades, of silent, exquisite courtesy.”
Chapter 3
The Social History of Art: Volume 2: Renaissance, Mannerism, Baroque
“The social function of court life is to enlist the support and adherence of the public for the ruling house. The Renaissance princes want to delude not only the people, they also want to make an impression o the nobility and bind it to the court. But they are not dependent on either its services or its company; they can use anyone, of whatever descent, provided he is useful. Consequently, the Italian courts of Renaissance differ from the medieval courts in their very constitution; they accept into their circle upstart adventurers and merchants who have made money, plebeian humanists and ill-bred artists - entirely as if they had all the traditional social qualifications. In contrast to the exclusive moral community of court chivalry, a comparatively free, fundamentally intellectual type of salon life develops at these courts which is, on the one hand the continuation of the aesthetic social culture of middle-class circles, such as described in the Decamerone and in the Paradiso degli Alberti, and represents, on the other, the preparatory stage in the development of those literary salons which play such an important part in the intellectual life of Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.”
Intellectual
Court
Aristocracy
Middle Class
Social Class
Salon
The Social History of Art, Volume 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Middle Ages
“Strict formalism and abstraction from reality are undoubtedly the most important, but by no means the only characteristics of the Romanesque style. For just as a mystic tendency is at work alongside the scholastic trend in the philosophy of the age, and a wild, unrestrained ecstatic religiosity finds expression in the monastic reform movement alongside a strict dogmatism, so also in art emotional and expressionistic tendencies make themselves felt alongside the dominant formalism and stereotyped abstractionism. This less restrained conception of art is not perceptible, however, until the second half of the Romanesque period, that is to say, it coincides with the revival of trade and urban life in the eleventh century. However modest these beginnings are in themselves, they represent the first signs of a change which paves the way for the individualism and liberalism of the modern age. Externally nothing much is altered for the present; the basic tendency of Romanesque art remains anti-naturalistic and hieratic. And yet, if a first step towards the dissolution of the ties which restrict medieval life is to be discerned anywhere, then it is here, in this astonishingly prolific eleventh century, with its new towns and markets, its new orders and schools, the first crusade and the founding of the first Norman states, the beginnings of monumental Christian sculpture and the proto-forms of Gothic architecture. It cannot be a coincidence that all this new life and movement occurs at the same time as the early medieval self-supporting economy is beginning to yield to a mercantile economy after centuries of uninterrupted stagnation.”
Individualism
Romanesque
The Social History of Art, Volume 1: From Prehistoric Times to the Middle Ages
“Now, who and what is this minstrel in reality? Where does he come from? In what respects does he differ from his predecessors? He has been described as a cross between the early medieval court-singer and the ancient mime of classical times. The mime had never ceased to flourish since the days of classical antiquity; when even the last traces of classical culture disappeared, the descendants of the old mimes still continued to travel about the Empire, entertaining the masses with their unpretentious, unsophisticated and unliterary art. The Germanic countries were flooded out with mimes in the early Middle Ages; but until the ninth century the poets and singers at the courts kept themselves strictly apart from them. Not until they lost their cultured audience, as a result of the Carolingian Renaissance and the clericalism of the following generation, and came up against the competition of the mimes in the lower classes, did they have, to a certain extent, to become mimes themselves in order to be able to compete with their rivals. Thus both singers and comedians now move in the same circles, intermingle and influence each other so much that they soon become indistinguishable from one another. The mime and the scop both become the minstrel. The most striking characteristic of the minstrel is his versatility. The place of the cultured, highly specialized heroic ballad poet is now taken by the Jack of all trades, who is no longer merely a poet and singer, but also a musician and dancer, dramatist and actor, clown and acrobat, juggler and bear-leader, in a word, the universal jester and maître de plaisir of the age. Specialization, distinction and solemn dignity are now finished with; the court poet has become everybody’s fool and his social degradation has such a revolutionary and shattering effect on himself that he never entirely recovers from the shock. From now on he is one of the déclassés, in the same class as tramps and prostitutes, runaway clerics and sent-down students, charlatans and beggars. He has been called the ‘journalist of the age’, but he really goes in for entertainment of every kind: the dancing song as well as the satirical song, the fairy story as well as the mime, the legend of saints as well as the heroic epic. In this context, however, the epic takes on quite new features: it acquires in places a more pointed character with a new straining after effect, which was absolutely foreign to the spirit of the old heroic ballad. The minstrel no longer strikes the gloomy, solemn, tragi-heroic note of the ‘Hildebrandslied’, for he wants to make even the epic sound entertaining; he tries to provide sensations, effective climaxes and lively epigrams. Compared with the monuments of the older heroic poetry, the ‘Chanson de Roland’ never fails to reveal this popular minstrel taste for the piquant.”
Poets
Minstrel
Carnivalesque
Court Poet
Popular Poets
Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion
“The very implausibility of the restoration of pared down fingernails and amputated limbs at the end of time underlines, for me, the despicableness of human beings who, in fact, torture and mutilate their fellow human beings. Yet, the implausible, even risible doctrine of the resurrection of the body asserts that—if there is such a thing as redemption—it must redeem our experience of enduring and even inflicting such acts. If there is meaning to the history we tell and the corruption (both moral and physical) we suffer, surely it is in (as well as in spite of) fragmentation. Bodily resurrection at the end of time is, in a technical sense, a comic—that is, a contrived and brave—happy ending.”
Redemption
Humanism
Body
History
Comedy
Absurdism
Resurrection
Catholicism
Medievalism
Fragmentation and Redemption: Essays on Gender and the Human Body in Medieval Religion
“And why not—whatever despair we may feel concerning resurrection and reassemblage—find comic relief in the human determination to assert wholeness in the face of inevitable decay and fragmentation?”
Redemption
Christianity
Resurrection
Catholicism
Postmodernism
Comedy Absurd
Fragmentation
Medieval History
Medievalism
New Historicism
Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization
“We know from Glenn Milne's inundation data that Gozo and Malta were indeed one big island during the Ice Age, down to approximately 13,500 years ago, and that they did not take on their present form as an archipelago of three islands (with little Comino in between) until around 11,000 years ago. Accordingly, if the medieval tradition of Malta and Gozo as one big island is not a complete invention -- and why should it be? -- then, 'fantastic' though it may seem, it somehow preserves a memory of Malta as it appeared more than 11,000 years ago. It is well known that most medieval mapmakers were only copyists reproducing older maps and [...] I believe we cannot exclude the possibility that the single large island called Gaulometin of Galonia leta that has somehow survived on certain medieval maps may indeed be a representation of Malta in a much earlier time.
A mental leap is required in order even to consider such a possibility. It is necessary to set aside all preconceptions about the past, and all unexamined notions of how societies evolve. Above all, we have to rid ourselves of the ingrained conviction that (despite some setbacks) the basic story of human civilization has been steadily and reassuringly onwards and upwards from the very beginning.
It may not have been so. There may be tremendous gaps, of which we are blissfully unaware, in the evidence presently available to us concerning the origins and progress of civilization. In particular, there has been no sustained or serious search for very ancient underwater ruins along the millions of square kilometres of continental shelves flooded at the end of the Ice Age.
So it is
possible
, and within the bounds of reason, that a civilization of some sort might have flourished during the closing millennia of the Ice Age and might not yet have been detected by archaeologists. A civilization not necessarily at all like our own but still advanced enough to have mastered complex skills such as seafaring and navigation (that do not call for a large material or industrial base) and to have left behind memories of the world as it looked before the flood and at various stages during the rising of the seas. The sort of civilization, perhaps, that would have built with megaliths and aligned them with navigational precision to the path of the sun. Maybe even a civilization that measured the earth, mapped it and netted it with a latitude and longitude grid.
Until such a lost civilization has been entirely ruled out -- and we are far from that -- it is rational to keep our minds open to the possibility, however extraordinary it may seem, that certain ancient maps have indeed carried down to us broken images of the antediluvian world.”
Progress
Heritage
Deluges
Cataclysm
Ice Age
Lost Civilizations
Ice Age Civilizations
Underwater Ruins
Underworld: The Mysterious Origins of Civilization
“It is clear that Bhu Mandala, as described in the
Bhagvatam
, can be interpreted as a geocentric map of the solar system out ot Saturn. But an obvious and important question is: Did some real knowledge of planetary distances enter into the construction of the Bhu Mandala system, or are the correlations between Bhu Mandala features and planetary orbits simply coincidental?
Being a mathematician interested in probability theory, Thompson is better equipped than most to answer this question and does so through computer modelling of a proposed 'null hypothesis' -- i.e.,
'that the author of the
Bhagvatam
had no access to correct planetary distances and therefore all apparent correlations between Bhu Mandala features and planetary distances are simply coincidental.'
However, the Bhu Mandala/solar system correlations proved resilient enough to survive the null hypothesis. 'Analysis shows that the observed correlations are in fact highly improbable.' Thompson concludes:
'If the dimensions given in the
Bhagvatam
do, in fact, represent realistic planetary distances based on human observation, then we must postulate that
Bhagvata
astronomy preserves material from an earlier and presently unknown period of scientific development ... [and that] some people in the past must have had accurate values for the dimensions of the planetary orbits. In modern history, this information has only become available since the development of high-quality telescopes in the last 200 years. Accurate values of planetary distances were not known by Hellenistic astronomers such as Claudius Ptolemy, nor are they found in the medieval
Jyotisa Sutras
of India. If this information was known it must have been acquired by some unknown civilization that flourished in the distant past.”
Astronomy
Deep Human History
Lost Civilizations
Ice Age Civilizations
Lost Technologies
“As a journalist, in blindly, parroting these police reports, I am also leaving out a significant amount of social context- the context, and begging question all social institutions ought to consider, of whether it is actually advantageous to anyone to persecute nonviolent offenders with a medieval vigilance that feeds the very problems it hopes to fight, and to waste both police resources and valuable news time lending importance to something that is so obviously only “News” in the way that it highlights a particularly ugly facet of our criminal justice system, and by doing so, we lend it a power which is ethically not its due.”
Race
Journalism
Racial Profiling
Police Brutality
Media Bias
Racial Injustice
Racism In The West
Crime Reporting
Makers of America: A Personal Family History
“The surname Fletcher belonged to my maternal grandfather and was one that he held very proudly. It is the name I legally adopted as my own surname at age 15. Fletcher is an English surname meaning “arrow maker” that was given to medieval craftsmen who designed and crafted arrows.”
Family
Name
England
Fletcher
Paris Discovered: Explorations in the City of Light
“Notre-Dame’s neighborhood has of course vastly improved since Victor Hugo’s day, although Bishop Sully certainly would not recognize Baron Haussmann’s vastly expanded parvis. Still, if you can catch a glimpse of Notre-Dame’s spire from the ancient Rue des Chantres or Place Maubert, and then follow the narrowest lanes you can find to the great cathedral’s western portals, you will be treading the path that countless medieval students and clerics have taken before you.
And then look up, and up, relishing this direct link with a distant past. Here is Notre-Dame, the noble survivor of the centuries. Here is Notre-Dame—truly a cathedral for the ages.”
Notre Dame De Paris
How to Defeat the Trump Cult: Want to Save Democracy? Share This Book
“The whole purpose of government is to protect the weak from the rich, to make sure the rich don’t eat the poor, the way they used to in the Stone Age, or medieval Europe, when there was no government and no laws stopping the strong from robbing the weak.”
Democracy
Capitalism
Class Struggle
Government Quotes
Rich Vs Poor
Capitalism Quotes
Democratic Socialism
Class War
Democratic Government
Desbolsonaro de Bolso
“Olavismo. 1. Estilo de pensamento filosófico muito peculiar, que substitui o argumento pelo xingamento e o conceito pelo palavrão. 2. Fruto da expansão dos meios tecnológicos de informação, que, utilizando selfies e vídeos autoproduzidos, deixam aparecer na rede pessoas como se fossem “professores” e “intelectuais”, posando nas telas ao terem no fundo estantes decoradas com livros mal lidos e mal compreendidos. 3. Nome de uma corrente de fake-pensamento. "4. Expressão oriunda da composição de “Olá” e “revanchismo”, combinando alguém que chega de repente para dar a ideia aos governantes sem ideias de en-direitar o país com rifles e rifas e quem se sentiu a vida toda complexado por nunca ter conseguido entender o que é uma ideia e muito menos uma filosofia. 5. Nome da corrente ideológica que seduz, encanta e lidera o bando de ressentidos do país. 6. Uma forma bem específica de saudosismo: saudades da era medieval, saudades da teocracia, saudades de D. Pedro, saudades dos bons costumes. 7. Modo borrágico de expressar opiniões que procuram, em tese, chocar o senso comum, mas que nada mais fazem além de corroborar o pior dos sensos (o qual, infelizmente, muitas vezes é comum e quase sempre predominou ao longo da história). 8. Movimento de desespero final de quem quer encontrar uma identidade para chamar de sua e um líder para chamar de seu. 9. Espécie de fanatismo religioso que cultua o ódio e a intolerância travestidos de intelectualismo. 10. Seita seguida por pessoas particularmente vulneráveis a uma retórica violenta e macabra, mas perigosamente sedutora. 11. Doutrina do ter-razão-em-tudo quando não se tem razão em nada. Atribuindo a base dessa doutrina do ter-razão-em-tudo ao filósofo alemão Arthur Schopenhauer, é fácil constatar como olavistas não possuem o menor conhecimento nem de alemão e nem de filosofia, tendo (mal) entendido o próprio nome de Schopenhauer como “chope raro”, que, bebido, gera mal-entendidos dos princípios básicos da erística e da dialética. Com bases em erros fundamentais, o olavismo derivado desse “chope raro” (confundido com Schopenhauer) desenvolveu uma errística dislética, que se vale de argumentos nefastos (do latim nefas que significa ilícito) para destruir as questões mais lícitas do pensamento, da sociedade e da cultura. 11. Tradução google para o português bolsonarista da tradução google para o inglês trumpista da tradução google russa do resumo dos clássicos da extrema direita europeia, assinada por Dugin, ideólogo de Putin.”
Fascismo
America Before: The Key to Earth's Lost Civilization
“Just 3 years of research between 2009 and 2012 witnessed a profound change in archaeological understanding of the geoglyphs of the southwestern Amazon. Previously they'd been thought to be just 750 years old; now, without any real attention being drawn to the implications, they'd become 2,000 years old. To put this in context, an error and subsequent correction on a similar scale would certainly attract a great deal of attention if it concerned Western architecture--indeed it would be like discovering that the great Gothic cathedrals of Europe such as Chartres and York Minster were not, in fact, works of the late medieval period but had actually been built by the Romans.”
Understanding
Implications
Archaeology
Geoglyphs
Marrying Winterborne
“Out of regard for me, if for no other reason, he shouldn't have taken the innocence of a young woman under my protection. It's a matter of respect."
Kathleen hoisted herself more fully over him, staring down into his blue eyes. "
This
," she mocked gently, "from a man who seduced me in nearly every room, stairwell and hay-nook of Eversby Priory. Where was your regard for innocence then?"
His frown disappeared. "That was different."
"Why, may I ask?"
Devon flipped her over, reversing their positions neatly and surprising a giggle from her. "Because," he said huskily, "I wanted you
so much
..."
She writhed and laughed as he unfastened her nightgown.
"... and as lord of the manor," he continued, proceeding to strip her naked, "I thought it was time to exercise my
droit de seigneur
."
"As if I were some medieval peasant girl?" she asked, shoving him onto his back, and climbing over him.
Grabbing his marauding hands, she tried to pin him down with her entire weight.
A deep laugh escaped him. "Love, that won't work. You're no heavier than a butterfly." Clearly enjoying their play, he lay unresisting as she gripped his thick wrists more tightly. "A determined butterfly," he conceded. As he stared up at her, his smile faded, and his eyes darkened to intense blue. "I was a selfish bastard," he said softly. "I shouldn't have seduced you."
"I was willing," Kathleen pointed out, inwardly surprised by his remorse. He was changing, she thought, rapidly gaining maturity as he shouldered the responsibilities that had been forced on him so unexpectedly.
"I would do it differently now. Forgive me." He paused, frowning in self-reproach. "I wasn't raised to be honorable. It's damned difficult to learn."
Kathleen slid her hands over his until their fingers interlaced. "There's nothing to forgive, or regret."
Devon shook his head, not allowing her to absolve him. "Tell me how to atone."
She bent to brush her lips against his. "Love me," she whispered.
With great care, Devon rolled until she was caught beneath him. "Always," he said huskily, and possessed her mouth while his hands slid over her body.”
Devon Ravenel
Kathleen Ravenel
Kathleen And Devon
How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe
“By the mid-seventeenth century, the visible image has assumed far greater reality than the invisible thought.”
Image
Thought
Invisible
Visible
Seventeenth Century
How the Irish Saved Civilization: The Untold Story of Ireland's Heroic Role from the Fall of Rome to the Rise of Medieval Europe
“Like the Jews before them, the Irish enshrined literacy as their central religious act.”
Civilization
Literacy
Irish
Religious Act
Pasta, Pane, Vino: Deep Travels Through Italy's Food Culture
“If Alessandro and Rosy are working from a disadvantage in terms of product recognition, they have put generations of accumulated experience into practice to fill the menu with dozens of little tastes of Como. They make fragrant, full-flavored stocks from the bones and bodies of perch and chub. They cure whitefish eggs in salt, creating a sort of freshwater
bottarga
, ready to be grated over pasta and rice. Shad is brined in vinegar and herbs, whitefish becomes a slow-cooked ragù or a filling for ravioli, and pigo and pike form the basis of Mella's
polpettine di pesce
, Pickled, dried, smoked, cured, pâtéd: a battery of techniques to ensure that nothing goes to waste. If you can make it with meat, there's a good chance Alessandro and Rosy have made it with lake fish.
And then there's
missoltino
, the lake's most important by-product, a staple that stretches back to medieval times and has been named a
presidio
by Slow Food, a designation reserved for the country's most important ingredients and food traditions. The people still making
missoltino
can be counted on a single hand. Alessandro guts and scales hundreds of shad at a time, salts the bodies, and hangs them like laundry to dry under the sun for forty-eight hours or more. The dried fish are then layered with bay leaves, packed into metal canisters, and weighed down. Slowly the natural oils from the shad escape and bubble to the surface, forming a protective layer that preserves the
missoltino
indefinitely.
It can be used as a condiment of sorts, a weapons-grade dose of lake umami to be detonated in salads and pastas. In its most classic preparation, served with
toc
, a thick, rich scoop of polenta slow cooked in a copper pot over a wood fire, it tastes of nothing you've eaten in Italy- or anywhere else.”
Italy
Fish
Italian Cooking
Lake Como
Lake Water
Interpreting Scripture with the Great Tradition: Recovering the Genius of Premodern Exegesis
“The irrational bias of the myth of progress can be seen in the tendency to criticize orthodox church fathers for reading Greek metaphysics into the text, while overlooking Baruch Spinoza's rationalism and Bruno Bauer's Hegelianism on their own biblical interpretation. Is this because "Greek" metaphysics is bad, but "German" metaphysics is good? According to the history of hermeneutics as told from an Enlightenment perspective, if it were not for the pagan Enlightenment, Christians would still be reading Greek metaphysics into the Bible like Augustine and making it say whatever they pleased like Origen. Is it not rather bizarre that this narrative asks us to believe that it took the pagan Epicureanism of the Enlightenment to rescue us from the "subjectivism" of the Nicene fathers, medieval schoolmen, and Protestant Reformers?”
Philosophy
Christianity
Metaphysics
Hermeneutics
Biblical Interpretation
Exegesis
Myth Of Progress
Maps of the Ancient Sea Kings: Evidence of Advanced Civilization in the Ice Age
“Most of these maps were of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. But maps of other areas survived. These included maps of the Americas and maps of the Arctic and Antarctic seas. It becomes clear that the ancient voyagers traveled from pole to pole. Unbelievable as it may appear, the evidence nevertheless indicates that some ancient people explored the coasts of Antatica when its coasts were free of ice. It is clear, too, that they had an instrument of navigation for accurately finding the longitudes of places that was far superior to anything posessed by the peoples of ancient, medieval, or modern times until the second half of the 18th Century.”
Geography
Maps
Ancient Civilizations
Ice Age
Ancient Humanity
God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science
“In traditional histories, the rise of humanism is usually portrayed as “a good thing,” but the truth is that the humanists almost managed to destroy 300 years of progress in natural philosophy. By discarding the advances made by medieval scholars together with so many of the manuscripts that contained them, they could have set back the advance of science by centuries. Einstein might have had to do the work of Newton. The reason that progress in science was not so held back (although it arguably didn’t move forward as quickly as it might have done) was that the invention of printing had guaranteed that, if nothing else, the old books were preserved. Most people forgot about them, but a few, like Galileo, used the knowledge found within.”
Humanism
Book Burning
Rennaissance
Governados pela Mentira - O Suicídio do Cristianismo e do Ocidente
“A Cristandade fez renascer as fortunas da Europa medieval (derrotada e destruída pelos bárbaros) criando a sociedade mais avançada, moral, científica e artisticamente, do planeta. Os laicistas modernos, pelo contrário, chuparam a Europa até ao tutano, para depois a humilharem e venderem aos deuses do dinheiro.”
Medieval
Europa
Dinheiro
Agostino Nobile
Governados Pela Mentira
Bárbaros
Cristandade
Laicistas
God's Philosophers: How the Medieval World Laid the Foundations of Modern Science
“Before we criticize Gerbert and his compatriots for their foolish adherence to ancient Greek and Hebrew authority, consider this: if someone asked you today to demonstrate that the earth orbits the sun, you almost certainly could not do it. You could show them every book and ask every expert, but you could not provide them with direct evidence without a telescope, a lot of time, and a lot of mathematics. Gerbert lacked the telescope and the math, so we cannot blame him for believing his books when they so clearly echoed common sense. The idea that the earth moves was absurd, and it would take a great deal of careful thought before people realized that it was even possible.”
Earth
Astronomy
Rotating Earth
Stationary Earth
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